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11 Program Functions

8.16 Surfaces - Principal Internal Forces

To control the graphical display of the principal internal forces, select Surfaces → Principal Internal Forces in the Results navigator. Table 4.16 shows the principal internal forces of surfaces in numerical form.

Image 8.43 Results navigator: Surfaces → Principal Internal Forces
Image 8.44 Table 4.16 Surfaces - Principal Internal Forces

The table shows the principal internal forces sorted by surfaces. The results are listed in reference to the grid points of each surface.

The Grid Point and Grid Point Coordinates table columns correspond to those of the previous results table 4.15 Surfaces - Basic Internal Forces.

Moments / Shear Forces / Axial Forces

The Basic Internal Forces described in the previous chapter refer to the more or less freely defined coordinate system xyz of a surface. Conversely, Principal Internal Forces represent the extreme values of the internal forces in a surface element. For this purpose, the basic internal forces are transformed in the directions of both principal axes. The principal axes 1 (maximum value) and 2 (minimum value) are arranged orthogonally.

The principal internal forces are determined from the basic internal forces:

Table 8.9 Principal internal forces

m1

Bending moment in direction of principal axis 1

12mx+my+(mx-my)2+4mxy2 

m2

Bending moment in direction of principal axis 2

12mx+my-(mx-my)2+4mxy2 

αb

Angle between local axis x (or y) and principal axis 1 (or 2)

12arctan2mxymx-my 

mτ,max,b

Maximum torsional moment

(mx-my)2+4mxy22 

vmax,b

Maximum resulting shear force from bending components

vmax,b=vx2+vy2 

βb

Angle between principal shear force vmax,b and local axis x

β=arctanvyvx 

n1

Axial force in direction of principal axis 1

12nx+ny+(nx-ny)2+4nxy2 

n2

Axial force in direction of principal axis 2

12nx+ny-(nx-ny)2+4nxy2 

αm

Angle between axis x and principal axis 1 (for axial force n1)

12arctan2nxynx-ny 

vmax,m

Maximum shear force from membrane components

(nx-ny)2+4nxy22 

The principal axes directions αb (for bending moments), βb (for shear forces), and αm (for axial forces) can be displayed as trajectories in the work window.

Image 8.45 Trajectories of the principal axes

Displaying the angle αb, for example, also shows the size of the respective principal moments because the trajectories are scaled to the values of the moments m1 and m2.

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