When using interrupted welds between the rail and flange, make sure that the applied weld length does not exceed the length of the rigid load application of the wheel load according to Equation 6.1 in [1].
KB 000501 | Non-Continuous Weld Seams
Links
References
- DIN. (1993). Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures - Part 6: Crane Supporting Structures; EN 1993-6:2007 + AC:2009
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The RF-FORM-FINDING add-on module determines equilibrium shapes of membrane and cable elements in RFEM. In this calculation process, the program searches for a geometric position for the membrane and cable elements in which their surface stress/prestress is in equilibrium with the natural and geometric boundary conditions. This process is called form-finding (hereinafter referred to as FF).
Every day, thousands of structural engineers design structural components using design check formulas that include the critical buckling load. But where do these old formulas come from, that Leonard Euler established over 200 years ago and that form the basis of all three structural steel design concepts?
![Basic Shapes of Membrane Structures [1]](/en/webimage/009595/2419502/01-en-png-png.png?mw=512&hash=6ca63b32e8ca5da057de21c4f204d41103e6fe20)
This paper is focused on the specific aspects of designing membrane structures that have specific requirements, such as form-finding and cutting pattern generation. An integral part of the design of these structures is the process of finding suitable prestressed shapes and generating cutting patterns. The text briefly describes two basic processes in the design of membrane structures. The physical principles are explained and the individual theses illustrated by examples.
Compliance with building codes, such as Eurocode, is essential to ensure the safety, structural integrity, and sustainability of buildings and structures. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) plays a vital role in this process by simulating fluid behavior, optimizing designs, and helping architects and engineers meet Eurocode requirements related to wind load analysis, natural ventilation, fire safety, and energy efficiency. By integrating CFD into the design process, professionals can create safer, more efficient, and compliant buildings that meet the highest standards of construction and design in Europe.
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- Form-finding of:
- tension-loaded membrane and cable structures
- compression-loaded shell and beam structures
- mixed tension- and compression-loaded structures
- Consideration of gas chambers between surfaces
- Interaction with supporting structure (substructure design according to various standards)
- Surfaces as a 2D and members as a 1D element
- Definition of different prestress conditions for surfaces (membranes and shells)
- Definition of forces or geometrical requirements for members (cables and beams)
- Consideration of individual loads (self‑weight, inner pressure, and so on) in the form‑finding process
- Temporary support definitions for the form-finding process
- Automatic preliminary form-finding of membrane surfaces (more information...)
- Definition of isotropic or orthotropic material for structural analysis
- Optional definition of free polygon loads
- Transformation of form‑found shape elements into NURBS surface elements
- Possibility of combined form-finding by integration of preliminary form-finding
- Graphical evaluation of the new form using colored coordinates and inclination plots
- Complete documentation of the calculation including user-defined adaptive evaluation figures
- Optional export of the FE mesh as a DXF or Excel file
The "Orthotropic | Fabric | Nonlinear Elastic (Surfaces)" material model allows you to define prestressed fabric membranes using the representative microstructure-solid element model – RVE.
By considering the fabric geometry in the microstructure model, the corresponding transversal strain effect can now be considered for all force conditions in the membrane.
The Ponding load type allows you to simulate rain actions on multi-curved surfaces, taking into account the displacements according to the large deformation analysis.
This numerical rainfall process examines the assigned surface geometry and determines which rainfall portions drain away and which rainfall portions accumulate in puddles (water pockets) on the surface. The puddle size then results in a corresponding vertical load for the structural analysis.
For example, you can use this feature in the analysis of approximately horizontal membrane roof geometries subjected to rain loading.
Go to Explanatory Video
Compared to the RF-FORM-FINDING add-on module (RFEM 5), the following new features have been added to the Form-Finding add-on for RFEM 6:
- Specification of all form-finding load boundary conditions in one load case
- Storage of form-finding results as initial state for further model analysis
- Automatic assignment of the form-finding initial state via combination wizards to all load situations of a design situation
- Additional form-finding geometry boundary conditions for members (unstressed length, maximum vertical sag, low-point vertical sag)
- Additional form-finding load boundary conditions for members (maximum force in member, minimum force in member, horizontal tension component, tension at i-end, tension at j-end, minimum tension at i-end, minimum tension at j-end)
- Material types "Fabric" and "Foil" in material library
- Parallel form-findings in one model
- Simulation of sequentially building form-finding states in connection with the Construction Stages Analysis (CSA) add-on
What is the easiest way to simulate a cushion for the RF‑FORM‑FINDING add‑on module?
When generating the FE mesh of an ETFE cushion, some problems occur. I cannot find any mistakes. What can I do?
How can I fix the error warning “10060 - The structure is unstable” for modal analysis instability?
How can I export the deformed mesh shape to a .dxf file in RFEM 6 for my fabric membrane structure?
How can I determine the appropriate total simulation time for a transient analysis in RWIND?
How do I correctly model the load flow when a beam acts as a support?
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