In transient calculations, temporal pressure variations can be directly translated into system responses E. If sufficient time series are examined, characteristic results Ek can then be determined directly in the time domain or by using statistical methods such as the Load-Response-Correlation method. For each section, the extreme load effect Ed is derived as the sum of the mean extreme value E ‾ and a multiple of the standard deviation of the extreme values σE. The factor of 0.64 corresponds to a 78% probability of non-exceedance (78% fractile):
The peak factor of the load effect can then be determined as follows: