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The structure consists of 16 floors with five-layer cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor panels, a concrete support plate on the second floor, and a steel roof. The CLT panels are point-supported on cross-laminated timber columns in a grid of 9.35 ft x 13.12 ft.
Beams were eliminated from the design by utilizing CLT’s two‑way spanning capabilities. Two full‑height concrete cores, for lateral stability, complete the structure.
The structural analysis for the CLT components was completed by Fast + Epp using RFEM in conjunction with the RF‑LAMINATE add‑on module.
Fast + Epp
Vancouver, BC, Canada
www.fastepp.com
Display of internal forces of the CLT floor panels in the RFEM model © Fast + Epp
Beams were eliminated from the design by utilizing CLT’s two‑way spanning capabilities. Two full‑height concrete cores, for lateral stability, complete the structure.
The structural analysis for the CLT components was completed by Fast + Epp using RFEM in conjunction with the RF‑LAMINATE add‑on module.
Fast + Epp
Vancouver, BC, Canada
www.fastepp.com
Display of internal forces of the CLT floor panels in the RFEM model © Fast + Epp
Cross-Laminated Timber Floor Panels
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Customer Project / View Only
| Number of Nodes | 989 |
| Number of Lines | 1207 |
| Number of Members | 33 |
| Number of Surfaces | 160 |
| Number of Load Cases | 2 |
| Number of Load Combinations | 2 |
| Total Weight | 52.612 tons |
| Dimensions (Metric) | 56.760 x 15.816 x 0.000 m |
| Dimensions (Imperial) | 186.22 x 51.89 x 0 feet |
| Program Version | 5.07.00 |
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In RFEM 6 it is possible to define multilayer surface structures with the help of the “Multilayer Surfaces” add-on. Hence, if you have activated the add-on in the model’s Base Data, it is possible to define layer structures of any material model. You can also combine material models of, for example, isotropic and orthotropic materials.
The support of the cross-laminated timber panel deserves special attention. Usually, a cross‑laminated wall is secured against shearing by means of shear connectors and against lifting forces by means of tie rods.
One of the advantages of entering the structure in RFEM is the complete freedom when selecting the geometry. You can easily select a structure where re‑entrant rolling corners are given as shown in the image.
To better distinguish between the different layer compositions (for example, for walls and ceilings), you can assign user‑defined colors and textures to each composition.
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Among others, the following cross-laminated timber manufacturers are available in the layer structure library:
- Binderholz (USA)
- KLH (USA, CAN)
- Kalesnikoff (USA, CAN)
- Nordic Structures (USA, CAN)
- Mercer Mass Timber
- SmartLam
- Sterling Structural
- Superstructures listed in Lignatec Edition 32 "Cross-Laminated Timber of Swiss Production"
By importing a structure from the layer structure library, all relevant parameters are adopted automatically. The library is continually updated.
- General stress analysis
- Graphical and numerical results of stresses and stress ratios fully integrated in RFEM
- Flexible design with different layer compositions
- High efficiency due to few entries required
- Flexibility due to detailed setting options for basis and extent of calculations
- A local overall stiffness matrix of the surface in RFEM is generated on the basis of the selected material model and the layers contained. The following material models are available:
- Orthotropic
- Isotropic
- User-defined
- Hybrid (for combinations of material models)
- Option to save frequently used layer structures in a database
- Determination of basic, shear, and equivalent stresses
- In addition to the basic stresses, the required stresses according to DIN EN 1995-1-1 and the interaction of those stresses are available as results.
- Stress analysis for structural surfaces including simple or complex shapes
- Equivalent stresses calculated according to different approaches:
- Shape modification hypothesis (von Mises)
- Shear stress hypothesis (Tresca)
- Normal stress hypothesis (Rankine)
- Principal strain hypothesis (Bach)
- Calculation of transversal shear stresses according to Mindlin or Kirchhoff, or user-defined specifications
- Serviceability limit state design by checking surface displacements
- User-defined specifications of limit deflections
- Possibility to consider layer coupling
- Detailed results of individual stress components and ratios in tables and graphics
- Results of stresses for each layer in the model
- Parts list of designed surfaces
- Possible coupling of layers entirely without shear
After the calculation, the maximum stresses, stress ratios, and displacements are displayed by load case, surface, or grid points. The design ratio can be related to any kind of stress type. The current location is highlighted by color in the RFEM model.
In addition to the result evaluation in tables, it is possible to display the stresses and stress ratios graphically in the RFEM work window. For this, you can adjust the colors and values assigned in the panel.
It is necessary to select load cases, load combinations, and result combinations for the ultimate and the serviceability limit state design. After selecting the surfaces to be designed, you can define the relevant material model.
The structure of layers forming the basis for the stiffness calculation can vary. You can adjust the parameters defined by the selected material model according to your individual needs. The 3*3 matrix of the layers is modifiable as well. In this way completely free selection when generating the stiffnesses is provided.
The limit stresses of each layer are defined by the selected material. These values can be customized as well.
How does the "Orthotropic Plastic" material model work in RFEM?
Which programs do I need for laminate and sandwich structures, or cross-laminated timber (CLT)?
Which Dlubal Software programs can I use to calculate and design timber structures?
Why are the stresses of the 90° orientation not displayed for a layer with the orthotropy direction 90° for σb,90 in RF‑LAMINATE?
What options are available for the serviceability data in RF‑LAMINATE to calculate the local deformation uz,local applied in the design?
Why is it not possible to design any LVL material according to the SIA 265 standard in RF‑/TIMBER Pro?
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